[IN PROGRESS]
5.1. Root intransitives
The number of intransitive roots which can appear without any suffix is quite limited in the Miluk corpus. Examples inlcude: sλēq̓ "bathe", səlt̓ "go out", ˀelqs "be afraid", k̓um (/k̓wəm/) "die", ɫa "go", ġāi "go upriver". Some correspond to adjectives in English: ˀeq "dead", ƛ̓īn "straight".
5.2. Reduplicated intransitives without affix
A few intransitive verbs carry no affix, but are formed with intensive reduplication of the root.
These reduplicated root intransitives express continious or repeated action.
5.3. The infix -ē-
The infix ‑ē‑ (often shortened to ‑e‑) immediately precedes the final root consonant. Only a few verbs directly take this infix without any further affixaxtion. Note the this infix can be subject to A‑harmonization.
More commonly, the infix ‑ē‑ appears in combination with other affixes, as will be seen in the following paragraphs.
5.4. The suffix -e
5.5. The intransitive suffix -aˀ
The intransitive suffix -aˀ appears with a few intransitive verbs directly attached to the root:
5.6. The suffix -u
5.7. The suffix -i
A number of basic intransitive verbs takes the suffix -i.
Doty (2012) describes the function of this suffix as "imperfective". Since in its most basic occurrences, the use of -i is lexically determined, it can at best be considered to be associated with aktionsart, i.e. lexical aspect.
With a few verbs, the suffix -i cooccurs with the infix ‑ē‑.
In conjunction with intensive reduplication, the suffix -i derives verbs that indicate a repeated or ongoing action/state.
[IN PROGRESS]
5.1. Root intransitives
The number of intransitive roots which can appear without any suffix is quite limited in the Miluk corpus. Examples inlcude: sλēq̓ "bathe", səlt̓ "go out", ˀelqs "be afraid", k̓um (/k̓wəm/) "die", ɫa "go", ġāi "go upriver". Some correspond to adjectives in English: ˀeq "dead", ƛ̓īn "straight".
5.2. Reduplicated intransitives without affix
A few intransitive verbs carry no affix, but are formed with intensive reduplication of the root.
mičminč̓ "ask"
hithīt̓ "come to shore"
lixʸlīxʸ "move"
hʷəthʷəld "jump, fly"
hʷuthʷīt "run"
hithīt̓ "come to shore"
lixʸlīxʸ "move"
hʷəthʷəld "jump, fly"
hʷuthʷīt "run"
< √mənč̓
< √həyt̓
< √ləyx
< √hʷəld
< √hʷəyd
< √həyt̓
< √ləyx
< √hʷəld
< √hʷəyd
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
These reduplicated root intransitives express continious or repeated action.
5.3. The infix -ē-
The infix ‑ē‑ (often shortened to ‑e‑) immediately precedes the final root consonant. Only a few verbs directly take this infix without any further affixaxtion. Note the this infix can be subject to A‑harmonization.
il:ēq "rain"
helēq "climb"
q̓alau "get injured"
helēq "climb"
q̓alau "get injured"
< √yəlġ
< √helq
< √q̓aləw
< √helq
< √q̓aləw
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑ē‑
More commonly, the infix ‑ē‑ appears in combination with other affixes, as will be seen in the following paragraphs.
5.4. The suffix -e
5.5. The intransitive suffix -aˀ
The intransitive suffix -aˀ appears with a few intransitive verbs directly attached to the root:
λūġʷa "sit"
kˀal:a "call out"
xləm:a "enter"
qʷɫīya "camp"
kˀal:a "call out"
xləm:a "enter"
qʷɫīya "camp"
< √λūġʷ
< √kˀel
< √xləm
< √qʷɫəy
< √kˀel
< √xləm
< √qʷɫəy
+ ‑aˀ
+ ‑aˀ
+ ‑aˀ
+ ‑aˀ
+ ‑aˀ
+ ‑aˀ
+ ‑aˀ
5.6. The suffix -u
5.7. The suffix -i
A number of basic intransitive verbs takes the suffix -i.
hāt̓i "sing"
hēwi "grow"
wəsi "go home"
kˀel:i "call out/halloo"
hēwi "grow"
wəsi "go home"
kˀel:i "call out/halloo"
< √hāt̓
< √hēw
< √wəs
< √kˀel
< √hēw
< √wəs
< √kˀel
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
Doty (2012) describes the function of this suffix as "imperfective". Since in its most basic occurrences, the use of -i is lexically determined, it can at best be considered to be associated with aktionsart, i.e. lexical aspect.
With a few verbs, the suffix -i cooccurs with the infix ‑ē‑.
q̓ʷiyēdī "fall asleep"
q̓ewēsi "blow (wind)"
q̓ewēsi "blow (wind)"
< √q̓ʷəyd
< √q̓ews
< √q̓ews
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑ē‑
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
+ ‑i
In conjunction with intensive reduplication, the suffix -i derives verbs that indicate a repeated or ongoing action/state.
ˀeqˀelqsi "be afraid"
milm̓il:i "swim"
milm̓il:i "swim"
< √ˀelqs
< √məl
< √məl
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ intensive reduplication
+ ‑i (cf. ˀelqs)
+ ‑i (cf. mil:tim)
+ ‑i (cf. mil:tim)
[IN PROGRESS]
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